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Sanskrit drama
The fragments of Sanskrit drama date from the 1st century CE.〔Brandon (1981, xvii) and Richmond (1998, 516-517).〕 The ''Mahābhāṣya'' by Patañjali contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama.〔Richmond (1998, 517).〕 This treatise on grammar from 140 BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of theatre in India.〔Richmond (1998, 517).〕
Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of Sanskrit literature.〔Brandon (1981, xvii).〕 It utilised stock characters, such as the hero (''nayaka''), heroine (''nayika''), or clown (''vidusaka''). Actors may have specialised in a particular type. Kālidāsa in the 3rd-4th century CE, was arguably one of ancient India's greatest Sanskrit dramatists. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the ''Mālavikāgnimitram'' (''Mālavikā and Agnimitra''), ''Vikramōrvaśīyam'' (''Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi''), and ''Abhijñānaśākuntalam'' (''The Recognition of Shakuntala''). The last was inspired by a story in the ''Mahabharata'' and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into English and German. ''Śakuntalā'' (in English translation) influenced Goethe's ''Faust'' (1808–1832).〔Brandon (1981, xvii).〕 The next great Indian dramatist was Bhavabhuti (c. 7th century CE). He is said to have written the following three plays: ''Malati-Madhava'', ''Mahaviracharita'' and ''Uttar Ramacharita''. Among these three, the last two cover between them the entire epic of ''Ramayana''. The powerful Indian emperor Harsha (606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy ''Ratnavali'', ''Priyadarsika'', and the Buddhist drama ''Nagananda''. Other famous Sanskrit dramatists include Śhudraka, Bhasa, and Asvaghosa. Though numerous plays written by these playwrights are still available, little is known about the authors themselves.
==Beginnings==
The earliest-surviving fragments of Sanskrit drama date from the 1st century CE.〔Brandon (1981, xvii) and Richmond (1998, 516-517).〕 The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre.〔Richmond (1998, 516).〕 The ancient ''Vedas'' (hymns from between 1500 to 1000 BCE that are among the earliest examples of literature in the world) contain no hint of it (although a small number are composed in a form of dialogue) and the rituals of the Vedic period do not appear to have developed into theatre.〔Richmond (1998, 516).〕 The ''Mahābhāṣya'' by Patañjali contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama.〔Richmond (1998, 517).〕 This treatise on grammar from 140 BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of theatre in India.〔Richmond (1998, 517).〕
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